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#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
// Prototipo della chiamata
typedef int square_t(int);
// Codice della chiamata
unsigned char square_code[] = {
0x55,
0x48, 0x89, 0xE5,
0x89, 0x7D, 0xFC,
0x89, 0x7D, 0xFC,
0x0F, 0xAF, 0x7D, 0xFC,
0x89, 0xF8,
0x5D,
0xC3
};
int main() {
// Alloco un blocco di memoria dell'heap che sia eseguibile.
void *square_memory = mmap(0, sizeof(square_code), PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANON, -1, 0);
// Copio il codice nella memoria allocata
memcpy (square_memory, square_code, sizeof(square_code));
// Eseguo la chiamata attraverso un cast al prototipo.
int a = ((square_t*) square_memory) (2);
printf("Result: %d \n", a);
}

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GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
<program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands
might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License. But first, please read
<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.

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CC=gcc
CFLAGS=-I. -g
DEPS = objects.h point.h
OBJ = main.o objects.o point.o
%.o: %.c $(DEPS)
$(CC) -c -o $@ $< $(CFLAGS)
object: $(OBJ)
gcc -o $@ $^ $(CFLAGS)
clean:
rm *.o
rm object

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This experiment is based on [this book](https://www.cs.rit.edu/~ats/books/ooc.pdf).

15
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#include <stdio.h>
#include "objects.h"
#include "point.h"
int main() {
struct Point* p = new(Point, 2, 2);
printf("Read Point(%d,%d)\n", p->x, p->y);
delete(p);
return 0;
}

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#include <stdio.h>
extern "C" {
#include "objects.h"
#include "point.h"
}
int main() {
struct Point* p = new(Point, 2, 2);
printf("Read Point(%d,%d)\n", p->x, p->y);
delete(p);
return 0;
}

31
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#include <assert.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "objects.h"
void * new(const void * _class, ...) {
const struct Class * class = _class;
void* p = calloc(1, class->size);
assert(p);
* (const struct Class **) p = class;
if (class->constructor) {
va_list ap;
va_start(ap, _class);
p = class->constructor(p, & ap);
va_end(ap);
}
return p;
}
void delete(void * self) {
const struct Class ** cp = self;
if (self && * cp && (* cp)->destructor) {
self = (* cp)->destructor(self);
}
free(self);
}

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#ifndef OBJECTS_H
#define OBJECTS_H
#include <stdarg.h>
/**
* Base class struct
*/
struct Class {
size_t size;
void * (* constructor) (void * self, va_list * app);
void * (* destructor) (void * self);
};
/**
* Create object
*/
void* new(const void* type, ...);
/**
* Destroy object
*/
void delete (void * item);
#endif // OBJECTS_H

29
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#include <stdio.h>
#include "point.h"
#include "objects.h"
/* Point method implementation */
static void * Point_ctor (void * _self, va_list * app) {
struct Point * self = _self;
self->x = va_arg(* app, int);
self->y = va_arg(* app, int);
printf("Create Point(%d,%d)\n", self->x, self->y);
return self;
}
static void * Point_dtor (void * _self) {
struct Point * self = _self;
printf("Delete Point(%d,%d)\n", self->x, self->y);
return self;
}
/* Point class initializazion */
static const struct Class _Point = {
sizeof(struct Point), // Object size
Point_ctor, // Constructor pointer
Point_dtor // Destructor pointer
};
const void * Point = & _Point; // Link to class name (used in new)

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#ifndef POINT_H
#define POINT_H
#include <stdarg.h>
/* Definition on Point class */
struct Point {
const void * class; // Mandatory
int x, y;
};
extern const void * Point; // Name of the class (used in new)
/**
* Point constructor
*/
static void * Point_ctor (void * _self, va_list * app);
/**
* Point destructor
*/
static void * Point_dtor (void * _self);
#endif // POINT_H

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CExperiments
==============
This is a collection of demos written in C, it isn't code suitable for use in projects.

14
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CC=gcc
CFLAGS=-I. -g
DEPS = base_list.h list.h
OBJ = main.o base_list.o list.o
%.o: %.c $(DEPS)
$(CC) -c -o $@ $< $(CFLAGS)
list: $(OBJ)
gcc -o $@ $^ $(CFLAGS)
clean:
rm *.o
rm list

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#include "base_list.h"
#include <malloc.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
struct _node * _createNode(int val) {
struct _node* temp = (struct _node *) malloc( sizeof(struct _node) );
temp->val = val;
temp->link = NULL;
return temp;
}
void _linkNode(struct _node* node, struct _node* before, struct _node* after) {
node->link = (struct _node*)((uintptr_t)before ^ (uintptr_t)after);
}
int _insertNode(cursor cursor, struct _node* new) {
struct _node* next = (void *)((uintptr_t)cursor.a ^ (uintptr_t)cursor.b->link);
_linkNode(new, cursor.b, next);
_linkNode(cursor.b, cursor.a, new);
return next == NULL;
}
int _nextCursor(cursor* cursor) {
struct _node* next = (struct _node*)((uintptr_t)cursor->a ^ (uintptr_t)cursor->b->link);
if(next == NULL) {
return 1;
}
cursor->a = cursor->b;
cursor->b = next;
return 0;
}

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#ifndef BASELIST_H
#define BASELIST_H
/**
* Nodo della lista
*/
struct _node {
int val;
struct _node* link; // prev xor next
};
/**
* Cursore per scorrere la lista
*/
typedef struct _cursor {
struct _node* a;
struct _node* b;
} cursor;
/**
* Crea nodo
*/
struct _node* _createNode(int val);
/**
* Valorizza link del nodo
*/
void _linkNode(struct _node* node, struct _node* before, struct _node* after);
/**
* Inserimento nodo, ritorna true se siamo nei casi di inizio o fine lista
*/
int _insertNode(cursor cursor, struct _node* new);
/**
* Incrementa cursore
*/
int _nextCursor(cursor* cursor);
#endif // BASELIST_H

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#include "list.h"
#include "base_list.h"
#include <malloc.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
list * createList() {
list* temp = (list *) malloc( sizeof(list) );
temp->begin = NULL;
temp->end = NULL;
return temp;
}
void scrollList(list* list, int dir, void (*scrollAction)(struct _node* node)) {
cursor cur;
cur.a = NULL;
cur.b = (!dir)? list->begin : list->end;
while (1) {
scrollAction(cur.b);
if(_nextCursor(&cur)) {
break;
}
}
}
void printNode(struct _node* node) {
printf("Address: %p\n", (void*)node);
printf("Value: %d\n", (int)node->val);
printf("Link: %p\n\n", (void*)node->link);
}
cursor getCursor(list* list, int dir, int position) {
int count = 0;
cursor cur;
cur.a = NULL;
cur.b = (!dir)? list->begin : list->end;
while (count < position) {
if(_nextCursor(&cur)) {
break;
}
count++;
}
return cur;
}
cursor getEndCursor(list* list) {
cursor cur;
cur.b = list->end;
cur.a = (list->begin == list->end)? NULL : (struct _node *)((uintptr_t)NULL ^ (uintptr_t)list->end->link);
return cur;
}
void pushAfter(list* list, int value) {
struct _node* new = _createNode(value);
// Caso lista vuota
if(list->begin == NULL && list->end == NULL) {
list->begin = new;
list->end = new;
return;
}
cursor endCursor = getEndCursor(list);
_insertNode(endCursor, new);
list->end = new;
}

44
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#ifndef LIST_H
#define LIST_H
#include "base_list.h"
/**
* Oggetto lista (puntatori inizio e fine)
*/
typedef struct _list {
struct _node* begin;
struct _node* end;
} list;
/**
* Crea lista
*/
list* createList();
/**
* Scorri la lista eseguendo callback su ogni nodo
*/
void scrollList(list* list, int dir, void (*scrollAction)(struct _node* node));
/**
* Callback per stampare il nodo
*/
void printNode(struct _node* node);
/**
* Ottieni cursore della posizione scelta
*/
cursor getCursor(list* list, int dir, int position);
/**
* Ritorna cursore finale
*/
cursor getEndCursor(list* list);
/**
* Inserisci nodo in coda
*/
void pushAfter(list* list, int value);
#endif // LIST_H

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#include "list.h"
#include <stdio.h>
void powNode(struct _node* node) {
node->val = node->val * node->val;
}
int main() {
list* myList = createList();
pushAfter(myList,1);
pushAfter(myList,2);
pushAfter(myList,3);
puts("##### Lista inserita:\n");
scrollList(myList, 0, printNode);
puts("##### Calcolo il quadrato di ogni nodo:\n");
scrollList(myList, 0, powNode);
scrollList(myList, 0, printNode);
}